| PostgreSQL 9.5.0 Documentation | |||
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The functions and function-like expressions described in this
section operate on values of type xml. Check Section 8.13 for information about the xml
type. The function-like expressions xmlparse
and xmlserialize for converting to and from
type xml are not repeated here. Use of most of these
functions requires the installation to have been built
with configure --with-libxml.
A set of functions and function-like expressions are available for producing XML content from SQL data. As such, they are particularly suitable for formatting query results into XML documents for processing in client applications.
xmlcomment(text) The function xmlcomment creates an XML value
containing an XML comment with the specified text as content.
The text cannot contain "--" or end with a
"-" so that the resulting construct is a valid
XML comment. If the argument is null, the result is null.
Example:
SELECT xmlcomment('hello');
xmlcomment
--------------
<!--hello-->
xmlconcat(xml[, ...]) The function xmlconcat concatenates a list
of individual XML values to create a single value containing an
XML content fragment. Null values are omitted; the result is
only null if there are no nonnull arguments.
Example:
SELECT xmlconcat('<abc/>', '<bar>foo</bar>');
xmlconcat
----------------------
<abc/><bar>foo</bar>
XML declarations, if present, are combined as follows. If all argument values have the same XML version declaration, that version is used in the result, else no version is used. If all argument values have the standalone declaration value "yes", then that value is used in the result. If all argument values have a standalone declaration value and at least one is "no", then that is used in the result. Else the result will have no standalone declaration. If the result is determined to require a standalone declaration but no version declaration, a version declaration with version 1.0 will be used because XML requires an XML declaration to contain a version declaration. Encoding declarations are ignored and removed in all cases.
Example:
SELECT xmlconcat('<?xml version="1.1"?><foo/>', '<?xml version="1.1" standalone="no"?><bar/>');
xmlconcat
-----------------------------------
<?xml version="1.1"?><foo/><bar/>
xmlelement(name name [, xmlattributes(value [AS attname] [, ... ])] [, content, ...]) The xmlelement expression produces an XML
element with the given name, attributes, and content.
Examples:
SELECT xmlelement(name foo);
xmlelement
------------
<foo/>
SELECT xmlelement(name foo, xmlattributes('xyz' as bar));
xmlelement
------------------
<foo bar="xyz"/>
SELECT xmlelement(name foo, xmlattributes(current_date as bar), 'cont', 'ent');
xmlelement
-------------------------------------
<foo bar="2007-01-26">content</foo>
Element and attribute names that are not valid XML names are escaped by replacing the offending characters by the sequence _xHHHH_, where HHHH is the character's Unicode codepoint in hexadecimal notation. For example:
SELECT xmlelement(name "foo$bar", xmlattributes('xyz' as "a&b"));
xmlelement
----------------------------------
<foo_x0024_bar a_x0026_b="xyz"/>
An explicit attribute name need not be specified if the attribute value is a column reference, in which case the column's name will be used as the attribute name by default. In other cases, the attribute must be given an explicit name. So this example is valid:
CREATE TABLE test (a xml, b xml); SELECT xmlelement(name test, xmlattributes(a, b)) FROM test;
But these are not:
SELECT xmlelement(name test, xmlattributes('constant'), a, b) FROM test;
SELECT xmlelement(name test, xmlattributes(func(a, b))) FROM test;
Element content, if specified, will be formatted according to its data type. If the content is itself of type xml, complex XML documents can be constructed. For example:
SELECT xmlelement(name foo, xmlattributes('xyz' as bar),
xmlelement(name abc),
xmlcomment('test'),
xmlelement(name xyz));
xmlelement
----------------------------------------------
<foo bar="xyz"><abc/><!--test--><xyz/></foo>Content of other types will be formatted into valid XML character data. This means in particular that the characters <, >, and & will be converted to entities. Binary data (data type bytea) will be represented in base64 or hex encoding, depending on the setting of the configuration parameter xmlbinary. The particular behavior for individual data types is expected to evolve in order to align the SQL and PostgreSQL data types with the XML Schema specification, at which point a more precise description will appear.
xmlforest(content [AS name] [, ...]) The xmlforest expression produces an XML
forest (sequence) of elements using the given names and content.
Examples:
SELECT xmlforest('abc' AS foo, 123 AS bar);
xmlforest
------------------------------
<foo>abc</foo><bar>123</bar>
SELECT xmlforest(table_name, column_name)
FROM information_schema.columns
WHERE table_schema = 'pg_catalog';
xmlforest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<table_name>pg_authid</table_name><column_name>rolname</column_name>
<table_name>pg_authid</table_name><column_name>rolsuper</column_name>
...As seen in the second example, the element name can be omitted if the content value is a column reference, in which case the column name is used by default. Otherwise, a name must be specified.
Element names that are not valid XML names are escaped as shown
for xmlelement above. Similarly, content
data is escaped to make valid XML content, unless it is already
of type xml.
Note that XML forests are not valid XML documents if they consist
of more than one element, so it might be useful to wrap
xmlforest expressions in
xmlelement.
xmlpi(name target [, content]) The xmlpi expression creates an XML
processing instruction. The content, if present, must not
contain the character sequence ?>.
Example:
SELECT xmlpi(name php, 'echo "hello world";');
xmlpi
-----------------------------
<?php echo "hello world";?>
xmlroot(xml, version text | no value [, standalone yes|no|no value]) The xmlroot expression alters the properties
of the root node of an XML value. If a version is specified,
it replaces the value in the root node's version declaration; if a
standalone setting is specified, it replaces the value in the
root node's standalone declaration.
SELECT xmlroot(xmlparse(document '<?xml version="1.1"?><content>abc</content>'),
version '1.0', standalone yes);
xmlroot
----------------------------------------
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
<content>abc</content>
xmlagg(xml) The function xmlagg is, unlike the other
functions described here, an aggregate function. It concatenates the
input values to the aggregate function call,
much like xmlconcat does, except that concatenation
occurs across rows rather than across expressions in a single row.
See Section 9.20 for additional information
about aggregate functions.
Example:
CREATE TABLE test (y int, x xml);
INSERT INTO test VALUES (1, '<foo>abc</foo>');
INSERT INTO test VALUES (2, '<bar/>');
SELECT xmlagg(x) FROM test;
xmlagg
----------------------
<foo>abc</foo><bar/>
To determine the order of the concatenation, an ORDER BY clause may be added to the aggregate call as described in Section 4.2.7. For example:
SELECT xmlagg(x ORDER BY y DESC) FROM test;
xmlagg
----------------------
<bar/><foo>abc</foo>
The following non-standard approach used to be recommended in previous versions, and may still be useful in specific cases:
SELECT xmlagg(x) FROM (SELECT * FROM test ORDER BY y DESC) AS tab;
xmlagg
----------------------
<bar/><foo>abc</foo>
The expressions described in this section check properties of xml values.
xml IS DOCUMENT
The expression IS DOCUMENT returns true if the argument XML value is a proper XML document, false if it is not (that is, it is a content fragment), or null if the argument is null. See Section 8.13 about the difference between documents and content fragments.
XMLEXISTS(text PASSING [BY REF] xml [BY REF]) The function xmlexists returns true if the
XPath expression in the first argument returns any nodes, and
false otherwise. (If either argument is null, the result is
null.)
Example:
SELECT xmlexists('//town[text() = ''Toronto'']' PASSING BY REF '<towns><town>Toronto</town><town>Ottawa</town></towns>');
xmlexists
------------
t
(1 row)
The BY REF clauses have no effect in
PostgreSQL, but are allowed for SQL conformance and compatibility
with other implementations. Per SQL standard, the
first BY REF is required, the second is
optional. Also note that the SQL standard specifies
the xmlexists construct to take an XQuery
expression as first argument, but PostgreSQL currently only
supports XPath, which is a subset of XQuery.
xml_is_well_formed(text)xml_is_well_formed_document(text)xml_is_well_formed_content(text)
These functions check whether a text string is well-formed XML,
returning a Boolean result.
xml_is_well_formed_document checks for a well-formed
document, while xml_is_well_formed_content checks
for well-formed content. xml_is_well_formed does
the former if the xmloption configuration
parameter is set to DOCUMENT, or the latter if it is set to
CONTENT. This means that
xml_is_well_formed is useful for seeing whether
a simple cast to type xml will succeed, whereas the other two
functions are useful for seeing whether the corresponding variants of
XMLPARSE will succeed.
Examples:
SET xmloption TO DOCUMENT;
SELECT xml_is_well_formed('<>');
xml_is_well_formed
--------------------
f
(1 row)
SELECT xml_is_well_formed('<abc/>');
xml_is_well_formed
--------------------
t
(1 row)
SET xmloption TO CONTENT;
SELECT xml_is_well_formed('abc');
xml_is_well_formed
--------------------
t
(1 row)
SELECT xml_is_well_formed_document('<pg:foo xmlns:pg="http://postgresql.org/stuff">bar</pg:foo>');
xml_is_well_formed_document
-----------------------------
t
(1 row)
SELECT xml_is_well_formed_document('<pg:foo xmlns:pg="http://postgresql.org/stuff">bar</my:foo>');
xml_is_well_formed_document
-----------------------------
f
(1 row)The last example shows that the checks include whether namespaces are correctly matched.
To process values of data type xml, PostgreSQL offers
the functions xpath and
xpath_exists, which evaluate XPath 1.0
expressions.
xpath(xpath, xml [, nsarray]) The function xpath evaluates the XPath
expression xpath (a text value)
against the XML value
xml. It returns an array of XML values
corresponding to the node set produced by the XPath expression.
If the XPath expression returns a scalar value rather than a node set,
a single-element array is returned.
The second argument must be a well formed XML document. In particular, it must have a single root node element.
The optional third argument of the function is an array of namespace
mappings. This array should be a two-dimensional text array with
the length of the second axis being equal to 2 (i.e., it should be an
array of arrays, each of which consists of exactly 2 elements).
The first element of each array entry is the namespace name (alias), the
second the namespace URI. It is not required that aliases provided in
this array be the same as those being used in the XML document itself (in
other words, both in the XML document and in the xpath
function context, aliases are local).
Example:
SELECT xpath('/my:a/text()', '<my:a xmlns:my="http://example.com">test</my:a>',
ARRAY[ARRAY['my', 'http://example.com']]);
xpath
--------
{test}
(1 row)
To deal with default (anonymous) namespaces, do something like this:
SELECT xpath('//mydefns:b/text()', '<a xmlns="http://example.com"><b>test</b></a>',
ARRAY[ARRAY['mydefns', 'http://example.com']]);
xpath
--------
{test}
(1 row)
xpath_exists(xpath, xml [, nsarray]) The function xpath_exists is a specialized form
of the xpath function. Instead of returning the
individual XML values that satisfy the XPath, this function returns a
Boolean indicating whether the query was satisfied or not. This
function is equivalent to the standard XMLEXISTS predicate,
except that it also offers support for a namespace mapping argument.
Example:
SELECT xpath_exists('/my:a/text()', '<my:a xmlns:my="http://example.com">test</my:a>',
ARRAY[ARRAY['my', 'http://example.com']]);
xpath_exists
--------------
t
(1 row)
The following functions map the contents of relational tables to XML values. They can be thought of as XML export functionality:
table_to_xml(tbl regclass, nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text)
query_to_xml(query text, nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text)
cursor_to_xml(cursor refcursor, count int, nulls boolean,
tableforest boolean, targetns text)The return type of each function is xml.
table_to_xml maps the content of the named
table, passed as parameter tbl. The
regclass type accepts strings identifying tables using the
usual notation, including optional schema qualifications and
double quotes. query_to_xml executes the
query whose text is passed as parameter
query and maps the result set.
cursor_to_xml fetches the indicated number of
rows from the cursor specified by the parameter
cursor. This variant is recommended if
large tables have to be mapped, because the result value is built
up in memory by each function.
If tableforest is false, then the resulting XML document looks like this:
<tablename>
<row>
<columnname1>data</columnname1>
<columnname2>data</columnname2>
</row>
<row>
...
</row>
...
</tablename>If tableforest is true, the result is an XML content fragment that looks like this:
<tablename> <columnname1>data</columnname1> <columnname2>data</columnname2> </tablename> <tablename> ... </tablename> ...
If no table name is available, that is, when mapping a query or a cursor, the string table is used in the first format, row in the second format.
The choice between these formats is up to the user. The first
format is a proper XML document, which will be important in many
applications. The second format tends to be more useful in the
cursor_to_xml function if the result values are to be
reassembled into one document later on. The functions for
producing XML content discussed above, in particular
xmlelement, can be used to alter the results
to taste.
The data values are mapped in the same way as described for the
function xmlelement above.
The parameter nulls determines whether null values should be included in the output. If true, null values in columns are represented as:
<columnname xsi:nil="true"/>
where xsi is the XML namespace prefix for XML Schema Instance. An appropriate namespace declaration will be added to the result value. If false, columns containing null values are simply omitted from the output.
The parameter targetns specifies the desired XML namespace of the result. If no particular namespace is wanted, an empty string should be passed.
The following functions return XML Schema documents describing the mappings performed by the corresponding functions above:
table_to_xmlschema(tbl regclass, nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text) query_to_xmlschema(query text, nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text) cursor_to_xmlschema(cursor refcursor, nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text)
It is essential that the same parameters are passed in order to obtain matching XML data mappings and XML Schema documents.
The following functions produce XML data mappings and the corresponding XML Schema in one document (or forest), linked together. They can be useful where self-contained and self-describing results are wanted:
table_to_xml_and_xmlschema(tbl regclass, nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text) query_to_xml_and_xmlschema(query text, nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text)
In addition, the following functions are available to produce analogous mappings of entire schemas or the entire current database:
schema_to_xml(schema name, nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text) schema_to_xmlschema(schema name, nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text) schema_to_xml_and_xmlschema(schema name, nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text) database_to_xml(nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text) database_to_xmlschema(nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text) database_to_xml_and_xmlschema(nulls boolean, tableforest boolean, targetns text)
Note that these potentially produce a lot of data, which needs to be built up in memory. When requesting content mappings of large schemas or databases, it might be worthwhile to consider mapping the tables separately instead, possibly even through a cursor.
The result of a schema content mapping looks like this:
<schemaname> table1-mapping table2-mapping ... </schemaname>
where the format of a table mapping depends on the tableforest parameter as explained above.
The result of a database content mapping looks like this:
<dbname> <schema1name> ... </schema1name> <schema2name> ... </schema2name> ... </dbname>
where the schema mapping is as above.
As an example of using the output produced by these functions,
Figure 9-1 shows an XSLT stylesheet that
converts the output of
table_to_xml_and_xmlschema to an HTML
document containing a tabular rendition of the table data. In a
similar manner, the results from these functions can be
converted into other XML-based formats.
Figure 9-1. XSLT Stylesheet for Converting SQL/XML Output to HTML
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
>
<xsl:output method="xml"
doctype-system="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"
doctype-public="-//W3C/DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
indent="yes"/>
<xsl:template match="/*">
<xsl:variable name="schema" select="//xsd:schema"/>
<xsl:variable name="tabletypename"
select="$schema/xsd:element[@name=name(current())]/@type"/>
<xsl:variable name="rowtypename"
select="$schema/xsd:complexType[@name=$tabletypename]/xsd:sequence/xsd:element[@name='row']/@type"/>
<html>
<head>
<title><xsl:value-of select="name(current())"/></title>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<tr>
<xsl:for-each select="$schema/xsd:complexType[@name=$rowtypename]/xsd:sequence/xsd:element/@name">
<th><xsl:value-of select="."/></th>
</xsl:for-each>
</tr>
<xsl:for-each select="row">
<tr>
<xsl:for-each select="*">
<td><xsl:value-of select="."/></td>
</xsl:for-each>
</tr>
</xsl:for-each>
</table>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>